Through the analysis of political systems in six continents, he demonstrates that what he calls consociational democracy can be successful in severely divided or plural societies. For plural societies, he suggested ethnicbased consociationalism as a form of governance defined as a. Lipset and others argued that democracy requires crosscutting as opposed to segmental cleavages. Lijphart posits that democracy and social peace can be secured in deeply divided societies if elites engage in accommodative behaviour and forsake.
Examining thirtysix democracies during the period from 1945 to 2010, lijphart arrives at importantand unexpectedconclusions about what type of democracy works best. The data represent parliamentary and presidential systems and homogeneous and plural societies. Electoral systems for divided societies benjamin reilly w hat kinds of electoral systems can help democracy survive in countries split by deep cleavages of race, religion, language, or ethnicity. A comparative exploration by arend lijphart and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at.
In this earlier book, he emphasized consociational. During research about plural societies, asim ejaz, student of m. The alternative to majoritarian democracy is consociational democracy. Yale university press, 1977 political science 248 pages. There are three causal explanations for the placement of the cases in the typology. Summary lijpharts models of democracy poli20911 studocu. The wave of powersharing democracy 4 shared tags powell. Democracy in plural societies by arend lijphart book resume. The basic purpose of the work is to explore the nature of consociational systems of government in stable western democracies and to investigate whether these provide a good blueprint that.
The two dimensions executiveparties and federalunitary of democracy provide us with four clusters. Pdf arend lijpharts 1969 article on consociational democracy was a. Consociational parties and political accommodation in. Democracy in plural societies yale university press.
While his power sharing model has been widely criticized, it is also being adopted in countries as diverse as the netherlands, india, austria, south. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In this updated and expanded edition of his classic text, arend lijphart offers a broader and deeper analysis of worldwide democratic institutions than ever before. Consociational democracy as a tool for conflict resolution. Consociationalism was developed by lijphart 1969, 1975, 1977 as a theory of political stability in plural societies. Pdf consociational democracy in theory and practice. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. May 20 91 later, lijphart extends the notion of consociational democracy to the patterns of democratic institutions, in general. Patterns of democracy government forms and performance in thirtysix countries second edition arend lijphart. Read patterns of democracy online, read in mobile or kindle.
This is a thorough, technical and theoretical exploration of what lijphart terms consociational democracy as a form of democracy suited to plural societies. Lijphart, arend subjects democracy developing countries democracia. Lijphart is the primary advocate of the consensusconsociational approach. Arend lijpharts 1969 article on consociational democracy was a compelling critique of prevailing theories of democratic stability and the launching pad for one of the most widely regarded. Arend lijphart on sharing power in africa and the future.
Lijphart is the leading authority on consociationalism, or the ways in which segmented societies manage to sustain democracy through powersharing. As is well known, lijpharts recent research covers 36 democracies from all continents belonging to the three waves of democratization typified by huntington 1991. Evaluation of lijpharts model of consensus democracy. Political exclusion and the lack of democratisation. Majority rule versus democracy in deeply divided societies. In democracies in plural societies lijphart 1977 consociationalism was recommended to fit all segmented societies and defined by four core elements, two institutional. Lijphart says that there are three ways to solve the political problems of a divided society without destroying democracy. With only a few minor doubts, the 22 cases of longterm democracy fit the majoritarianconsensus typology well. Lijphart developed this concept in his first major work, the politics of accommodation, a study of the dutch political system, and further developed his arguments in democracy in plural societies.
Arend lijphart page electoral laws and their political consequences with bernard grofman, new york, agathon press, 1986. While his power sharing model has been widely criticized, it is also being adopted in countries as diverse as the netherlands, india, austria, south africa, and malaysia. As is wellknown, politicians in such divided societies often have strong incentives to play the ethnic card at election time, using. See his other works to appreciate the development of this theme. Its four principal characteristics stand in sharp contrast with majoritarian principles. Next, in the main body of the book, lijphart investigates the zrend and lijpharf of consociationalism and the effects of different variables upon whether it is likely to be successful. Arend lijphart is professor emeritus of political science at the university of california, san diego, and the author or editor of more than twenty books, including democracy in plural societies, published by yale university press. Consociational elements in nonconsociational democracies. A comparative exploration new ed by arend lijphart isbn. Pdf lijphart, lakatos, and consociationalism researchgate. Table 1 the characteristics of majoritarian democracy, consensus democracy, and consociational democracy adapted from lijphart 1984a, 1989a.
Download democracy in plural societies pdf books pdfbooks. Patterns of democracy also available in format docx and mobi. In particular, consider his 1977 book, democracy in plural societies. While it may be difficult to achieve and maintain stable democratic governments in countries with deep religious, ideological, linguistic, cultural, or ethnic cleavages, lijphart argues that it is not at all impossible. Consensus democracy and inclusion lijphart reduces the ten institutions to two dimensions using factor analysis.
Lijphart seeks to develop a model of democracy that will work even in the absence of such cleavageswhen there are segmental cleavages like ethnic, religious, or linguistic divides p 11. Government forms and performance in thirtysix countries by. Next, in the main body of the book, lijphart investigates the zrend and lijpharf of consociationalism and the effects of different variables upon whether it. Warren rated it liked it jan 21, queensland university of technology. For me, it is the ideal system because it is the most capable of maximizing the level of representation given to the widest possible amount of the electorate. The plural society and consociational democracy theory dergipark.
Proin gravida dolor sit amet lacus accumsan et viverra justo commodo. A comparative exploration by lijphart, arend and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. Parliamentary versus presidential government, oxford, oxford university press, 1992. Introduction my ideal of democracy aligns closely to lijpharts model of consensus democracy, which i will be discussing at length in this essay. Lijphart argues that consensus democracy is better see below.
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